The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE)

 The Lowdown on CCIE Storage Network-ing

The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certification is accepted worldwide as the most prestigious networking certification in the industry. Network Engineers holding an active Cisco CCIE certification are recognized for their expert network engineering skills and mastery of Cisco products and solutions. The CCIE community has established a reputation of leading the networking industry in deep technical networking knowledge and are deployed into the most technically challenging network assignments.

The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert program also in-cludes a component on storage networking, which is a must for allprofessionals who want to be known in this field. The storagenetworking component works to bring together the different areasof Cisco, which are routing and switching, service provider, secu-rity, voice (VoIP) and Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert tracks.The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert storage networking com-ponent is committed to creating storage area networking as a way of presenting itself as a core advanced technology. Putting togethera Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert exam for only one area isuseless, so the nuances of information technology as well as theinternetworking industry can benefit from a strong background instorage networking as part of the entire Cisco curriculum.This way, Cisco can be seen as the number one overall beststrategy in networking. The storage networking component simply  builds on the successes that Cisco has been able to produce before-hand, which, quite incidentally, is also built on a foundation of networks. The many candidates for storage networking will alsoneed to pass a written test that will cover the different theoreticalconcepts, including a hands-on exam for lab in order to demon-strate their real world skills in the system. These candidates must be able to demonstrate thorough proficiency when it comes to thedevices that are used in this system, including SAN switches as wellas directors, routers and management solutions. Such a certifica-tion also deals with the Cisco MDS 9000, which includes intelligentstorage directors as well as fabric switches

Benefits of a CCIE
Networking professionals typically seek CCIE certification to help increase their salary or expand job opportunities within their field of specialty. The extra focus and effort required to preparing for CCIE exams normally improves an individual's skill in the field. Interestingly, Cisco Systems also gives preferred treatment to Technical Support tickets of their customers when filed by CCIE engineers.

Chapter 1 2011 V4.0 Answer CCNA2

1. If a router cannot find a valid configuration file during the startup sequence, what will occur?
The startup sequence will reset.
The router will prompt the user for a response to enter setup mode.
The startup sequence will halt until a valid configuration file is acquired.
The router will generate a default configuration file based on the last valid configuration.
The router will monitor local traffic to determine routing protocol configuration requirements.
2.

Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator has configured the router with the interface IP addresses shown for the directly connected networks. Pings from the router to hosts on the connected networks or pings between router interfaces are not working. What is the most likely problem?
The destination networks do not exist.
The IP addresses on the router interfaces must be configured as network addresses and not host addresses.
The interfaces must be enabled with the no shutdown command.
Each interface must be configured with the clock rate command.

3.

Refer to the exhibit. What can be concluded from the routing table output in the exhibit? (Choose two.)
This router only has two interfaces.
The router interfaces are not operational yet.
This router is configured to forward packets to remote networks.
The FastEthernet0/0 and Serial0/0/0 interfaces of this router were configured with an IP address and the no shutdown command.
An IP packet received by this router with a destination address of 198.18.9.1 will be forwarded out of the Serial0/0/0 interface.
4.
Refer to the exhibit. The frame shown in the exhibit was received by the router. The router interfaces are operational. How will the router process this frame? (Choose two.)
The router will change the source and destination IP address in the packet before forwarding the frame.
The router will change the frame type to one supported by the WAN link before forwarding the frame.
The router will use the destination MAC address to determine which interface to forward the packet.
The router will look up the MAC address of the S0/0/0 interface in the ARP table and add it to the frame before forwarding.
The frame was received on the Fa0/0 interface of the router and will be switched to the S0/0/0 interface.
The frame was received on the S0/0/0 interface of the router and will be switched to the Fa0/0 interface.
5. Passwords can be used to restrict access to all or parts of the Cisco IOS. Select the modes and interfaces that can be protected with passwords. (Choose three.)
VTY interface
console interface
Ethernet interface
secret EXEC mode
privileged EXEC mode
router configuration mode
6. Which two statements correctly describe the components of a router? (Choose two.)
RAM permanently stores the configuration file used during the boot sequence.
ROM contains diagnostics executed on hardware modules.
NVRAM stores a backup copy of the IOS used during the boot sequence.
Flash memory does not lose its contents during a reboot.
ROM contains the most current and most complete version of the IOS.
Flash contains boot system commands to identify the location of the IOS
7.

Refer to the exhibit. After host 2 is connected to the switch on the LAN, host 2 is unable to communicate with host 1. What is the cause of this problem?
The subnet mask of host 2 is incorrect.
Host 1 and host 2 are on different networks.
The switch needs an IP address that is not configured.
The router LAN interface and host 1 are on different networks.
The IP address of host 1 is on a different network than is the LAN interface of the router.
8. Which are functions of a router? (Choose three.)
packet switching
extension of network segments
segmentation of broadcast domains
selection of best path based on logical addressing
election of best path based on physical addressing
9.

Refer to the exhibit. All routers have a route in its routing table to each network that is shown in the exhibit. Default routes have not been issued on these routers. What can be concluded about how packets are forwarded in this network? (Choose two.)
If RouterC receives a packet that is destined for 10.5.1.1, it will be forwarded out interface Fa0/0.
If RouterA receives a packet that is destined for 192.168.3.146, it will be forwarded out interface S0/0/1.
If RouterB receives a packet that is destined for 10.5.27.15, it will be forwarded out interface S0/0/1.
If RouterB receives a packet that is destined for 172.20.255.1, it will be forwarded out interface S0/0/0.
If RouterC receives a packet that is destined for 192.16.5.101, it will be forwarded out interface S0/0/1.
10.

The serial connection shown in the graphic needs to be configured. Which configuration commands must be made on the Sydney router to establish connectivity with the Melbourne site? (Choose three.)
Sydney(config-if)# ip address 201.100.53.2 255.255.255.0
Sydney(config-if)# no shutdown
Sydney(config-if)# ip address 201.100.53.1 255.255.255.224
Sydney(config-if)# clock rate 56000
Sydney(config-if)# ip host Melbourne 201.100.53.2
11.

Refer to the exhibit. What can be concluded from the output of the running-configuration of a router?
The passwords are encrypted.
The current configuration was saved to NVRAM.
The configuration that is shown will be the one used on the next reboot.
The commands that are displayed determine the current operation of the router.
12.

Refer to the exhibit. Host A pings host B. When R4 accepts the ping into the Ethernet interface, what two pieces of header information are included? (Choose two.)
source IP address: 192.168.10.129
source IP address: BBBB.3333.5677
destination IP address: 192.168.10.33
destination IP address: 192.168.10.134
destination MAC address: 9999.DADC.1234
13. What is the outcome of entering these commands?
R1(config)# line vty 0 4 R1(config-line)# password check123
R1(config-line)# login
ensures that a password is entered before entering user EXEC mode
sets the password to be used for connecting to this router via Telnet
requires check123 to be entered before the configuration can be saved
creates a local user account for logging in to a router or switch
14. Which of the following is the correct flow of routines for a router startup?
load bootstrap, load IOS, apply configuration
load bootstrap, apply configuration, load IOS
load IOS, load bootstrap, apply configuration, check hardware
check hardware, apply configuration, load bootstrap, load IOS
15. What three processes does a router execute when it receives a packet from one network that is destined for another network? (Choose three.)
decapsulates the Layer 3 packet by stripping off the Layer 2 frame header
uses the destination MAC Address in the IP Header to look up the next-hop address in the routing table
leaves the Layer 2 frame header intact when decapsulating the Layer 3 packet
uses the destination IP Address in the IP header to look up the next-hop address in the routing table
encapsulates the Layer 3 packet into the new Layer 2 frame and forwards it out the exit interface
encapsulates the Layer 3 packet into a special Layer 1 frame and forwards it to the exit interface
16. The network administrator needs to connect two routers directly via their FastEthernet ports. What cable should the network administrator use?
straight-through
rollover
cross-over
serial
17. Which two statements describe characteristics of load balancing? (Choose two.)
Load balancing occurs when a router sends the same packet to different destination networks.
Load balancing occurs when a router sends the same packet to different destination networks.
Load balancing allows a router to forward packets over multiple paths to the same destination network.
Unequal cost load balancing is supported by EIGRP.
If multiple paths with different metrics to a destinations exist, the router cannot support load balancing.
18. What information about the router and its startup process can be gathered from the output of the show version command? (Choose three.)
the last restart method
the command buffer contents
the amount of NVRAM and FLASH used
the configuration register settings
the location from where the IOS loaded
19.

Which interfaces in the exhibit could be used for a leased line WAN connection? (Choose two.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
20. From what location can a router load the Cisco IOS during the boot process? (Choose two.)
RAM
TFTP server
NVRAM
setup routine
Flash memory
terminal
21. A network administrator has just entered new configurations into Router1. Which command should be executed to save configuration changes to NVRAM?
Router1# copy running-config flash
Router1(config)# copy running-config flash
Router1# copy running-config startup-config
Router1(config)# copy running-config startup-config
Router1# copy startup-config running-config
Router1(config)# copy startup-config running-config
22. What is the default sequence for loading the configuration file?
NVRAM, FLASH, ROM
FLASH, TFTP,CONSOLE
NVRAM, TFTP, CONSOLE
FLASH, TFTP, ROM
23. What header address information does a router change in the information it receives from an attached Ethernet interface before information is transmitted out another interface?
only the Layer 2 source address
only the Layer 2 destination address
only the Layer 3 source address
only the Layer 3 destination address
the Layer 2 source and destination address
the Layer 3 source and destination address

mikrotik sells wireless products and routers

Mikrotīkls Ltd., known internationally as MikroTik, is a Latvian manufacturer of computer networking equipment. It sells wireless products and routers. The company was founded in 1995, with the intent to sell in the emerging wireless technology market. As of 2014, the company has more than 100 employees.[1] The company's products are known for being low-priced alternatives to expensive routers and Ethernet radio relay lines.
The main product of MikroTik is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, known as the MikroTik RouterOS. Installed on the company's proprietary hardware (RouterBOARD series), or on standard x86-based computers, it turns a computer into a network router and implements various additional features, such as firewalling, virtual private network (VPN) service and client, bandwidth shaping and quality of service, wireless access point functions and other commonly used features when interconnecting networks. The system is also able to serve as a captive-portal-based hotspot system.

The operating system is licensed in increasing service levels, each releasing more of the available RouterOS features. A MS Windows application called Winbox provides a graphical user interface for the RouterOS configuration and monitoring, but RouterOS also allows access via FTP, telnet, and secure shell (SSH). An application programming interface is available for direct access from applications for management and monitoring.

Mikrotik Routerboard RB750 5xPORT LAN ROUTER NEW IN BOX DESCRIPTION: An entirely new class of product in the RouterBOARD lineup, the RB750 is a small five port ethernet router in a nice plastic case. Not only is this an attractive looking tiny SOHO unit, it's price is lower than the RouterOS license alone - there simply is no choice when it comes to managing your wired home network, the RB750 has it all. Not only it's affordable, small, good looking and easy to use - It's probably the most affordable MPLS capable router on the market! No more compromise between price and features - RB750 has both. With it's compact design and clean looks, it will fit perfectly into any SOHO environment. Box contains: RB750, plastic case, power supply
Price:     $39.91 + $5.99 shipping

How to Set Up a Simple Wireless Network that support internet connection

 I will show you how to set up a Simple wireless router that support internet connection




You need to prepare :
1. A Laptop / PC have built in Wireless Support or attach with A PCI or USB wireless adapter
2. A wireless router
3. Internet Connection from internet service provider,

If you are building your first home network or you are re-building your home network you very well might want to go all-wireless. You'll need to make sure that all your computers and network devices either have built in wireless support or you may have to install wireless cards. A PCI or USB wireless adapter connects your machines to your network, often making access as easy as plugging the device in to a USB slot. Older machines can get an instant upgrade to wireless N with a USB WiFi adapter, or you can install a PCI wireless card into your self-built system. PCI & USB wireless adapters are also great as a backup in case a wireless card stops working, ensuring your laptops or other machines can still access the network. A PCI or USB wireless adapter have varition price from $4 to $100 depend on the quality.
With Wireless network it's easy to built Local Area Network (LAN) to connect some PC or Laptop and printer in your home / small office.


Where to Install a Wireless Router
Computers that are closer to the router, in the same room for example, receive better network speed than computers located farther away. So, Try to install your wireless router in a central location within your home or office.

Connect the Wireless Router to the Internet
First, connect the wireless router to a power outlet and to a source of Internet connectivity. You may be connecting your wireless router to a cable modem. All wireless routers support broadband modems, and some support phone line connections to dial-up Internet service.

One easy way to know if your router is wireless is if you see an antenna. This is a standard router that is not wireless. You can connect hubs, other routers, and switches to a wireless router. Keep in mind that although a hub is a small and inexpensive network device, switches provide better automated control of your network.
Access the Wireless Router
Once your router is on and plugged into your internet connection you'll need to access it. Go to a Web browser and follow the instructions that came with the router to connect to it. You'll likely type in 192.168.1.1. Your documentation should have the username and password necessary to access this information. The default username and password may be admin for both.
Create a Name for the Wireless Network
You should create a unique network name. This name is often called the SSID. Your router and all computers on the network must share the same SSID. Although your router comes with a default name such as Linksys or Netgear, it's best to change it. You don't want someone next door to have access to your network. Make sure your network is password protected; otherwise, someone can come along and slow down your connection.
Set Wireless Network Preferences
Lastly, follow the router documentation to enable WEP security, turn on firewall features, and set any other recommended parameters. If you do not know what something is, and don't have any documentation telling you to change it, I recommend just leaving everything as is

If you just make a Local Area Network (LAN) to connect some PC or Laptop and printer in your home / small office you do not need an internet connection.

IP Addresing

Every machine on a network has a unique identifier. Just as you would address a letter to send in the mail, computers use the unique identifier to send data to specific computers on a network. Most networks today, including all computers on the Internet, use the TCP/IP protocol as the standard for how to communicate on the network. In the TCP/IP protocol, the unique identifier for a computer is called its IP address.

There are two standards for IP addresses: IP Version 4 (IPv4) and IP Version 6 (IPv6). All computers with IP addresses have an IPv4 address, and many are starting to use the new IPv6 address system as well. Here's what these two address types mean:

    IPv4 uses 32 binary bits to create a single unique address on the network. An IPv4 address is expressed by four numbers separated by dots. Each number is the decimal (base-10) representation for an eight-digit binary (base-2) number, also called an octet. For example: 216.27.61.137
    IPv6 uses 128 binary bits to create a single unique address on the network. An IPv6 address is expressed by eight groups of hexadecimal (base-16) numbers separated by colons, as in 2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652. Groups of numbers that contain all zeros are often omitted to save space, leaving a colon separator to mark the gap (as in 2001:cdba::3257:9652).

At the dawn of IPv4 addressing, the Internet was not the large commercial sensation it is today, and most networks were private and closed off from other networks around the world. When the Internet exploded, having only 32 bits to identify a unique Internet address caused people to panic that we'd run out of IP addresses. Under IPv4, there are 232 possible combinations, which offers just under 4.3 billion unique addresses. IPv6 raised that to a panic-relieving 2128 possible addresses. Later, we'll take a closer look at how to understand your computer's IPv4 or IPv6 addresses.

How does your computer get its IP address? An IP address can be either dynamic or static. A static address is one that you configure yourself by editing your computer's network settings. This type of address is rare, and it can create network issues if you use it without a good understanding of TCP/IP. Dynamic addresses are the most common. They're assigned by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), a service running on the network. DHCP typically runs on network hardware such as routers or dedicated DHCP servers.

Dynamic IP addresses are issued using a leasing system, meaning that the IP address is only active for a limited time. If the lease expires, the computer will automatically request a new lease. Sometimes, this means the computer will get a new IP address, too, especially if the computer was unplugged from the network between leases. This process is usually transparent to the user unless the computer warns about an IP address conflict on the network (two computers with the same IP address). An address conflict is rare, and today's technology typically fixes the problem automatically.

IPv4 private addresses

Early network design, when global end-to-end connectivity was envisioned for communications with all Internet hosts, intended that IP addresses be uniquely assigned to a particular computer or device. However, it was found that this was not always necessary as private networks developed and public address space needed to be conserved.

Computers not connected to the Internet, such as factory machines that communicate only with each other via TCP/IP, need not have globally unique IP addresses. Three ranges of IPv4 addresses for private networks were reserved in RFC 1918. These addresses are not routed on the Internet and thus their use need not be coordinated with an IP address registry.

Today, when needed, such private networks typically connect to the Internet through network address translation (NAT).
IANA-reserved private IPv4 network ranges     Start     End     No. of addresses
24-bit block (/8 prefix, 1 × A)     10.0.0.0     10.255.255.255     16777216
20-bit block (/12 prefix, 16 × B)     172.16.0.0     172.31.255.255     1048576
16-bit block (/16 prefix, 256 × C)     192.168.0.0     192.168.255.255     65536

Any user may use any of the reserved blocks. Typically, a network administrator will divide a block into subnets; for example, many home routers automatically use a default address range of 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.0.255 (192.168.0.0/24).

There are four forms of IP addressing, each with its own unique properties.

    Unicast: The most common concept of an IP address is in unicast addressing, available in both IPv4 and IPv6. It normally refers to a single sender or a single receiver, and can be used for both sending and receiving. Usually, a unicast address is associated with a single device or host, but it is not a one-to-one correspondence. Some individual PCs have several distinct unicast addresses, each for its own distinct purpose. Sending the same data to multiple unicast addresses requires the sender to send all the data many times over, once for each recipient.
    Broadcast: In IPv4 it is possible to send data to all possible destinations ("all-hosts broadcast"), which permits the sender to send the data only once, and all receivers receive a copy of it. In the IPv4 protocol, the address 255.255.255.255 is used for local broadcast. In addition, a directed (limited) broadcast can be made by combining the network prefix with a host suffix composed entirely of binary 1s. For example, the destination address used for a directed broadcast to devices on the 192.0.2.0/24 network is 192.0.2.255. IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing and replaces it with multicast to the specially-defined all-nodes multicast address.
    Multicast: A multicast address is associated with a group of interested receivers. In IPv4, addresses 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 (the former Class D addresses) are designated as multicast addresses.[11] IPv6 uses the address block with the prefix ff00::/8 for multicast applications. In either case, the sender sends a single datagram from its unicast address to the multicast group address and the intermediary routers take care of making copies and sending them to all receivers that have joined the corresponding multicast group.
    Anycast: Like broadcast and multicast, anycast is a one-to-many routing topology. However, the data stream is not transmitted to all receivers, just the one which the router decides is logically closest in the network. Anycast address is an inherent feature of only IPv6. In IPv4, anycast addressing implementations typically operate using the shortest-path metric of BGP routing and do not take into account congestion or other attributes of the path. Anycast methods are useful for global load balancing and are commonly used in distributed DNS systems.

CCNA 2 Chapter 1 V.4 Refer to the exhibit. The server broadcasts an ARP request for the MAC address of its default gateway. If STP is not enabled, what is the result of this ARP request?

 The CCNA certification requires you to take one of two paths: split the objectives into two exams for easier study or take a single composite test. Everyone who takes a shot at the CCNA has their own preferred method of achieving it, but neither path is better than the other. If you decide to take the split route, the two exams will include the 100-101 – Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) and the 200-101 – Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2). If decide you only want to take one test, the exam will include the 200-120 – Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices (Composite). These exams became available in spring 2013, and the older CCNA exams (640-822, 640-816 and 640-802) will be retired on September 30, 2013

Preparing for the CCNA exams

When studying for these exams, it’s best to prepare the way that works for you. For those who have some experience with networking, self-study is a popular option, and you can do so using any number of available resources, including the courses available through Pluralsight. In my experience, self-study works well when coupled with considerable practice on Cisco’s IOS. For most people at the CCNA level, using a product like GNS3 combined with computer-based training is an excellent approach. For the CCNA R&S exams, make sure you understand the fundamentals, IP subnetting, addressing and basic routing, before looking at other topics. Regardless of the changes to these exams, the fundamentals will always be covered.

For most of the tests that Cisco offers, cramming isn’t a useful option and should be avoided. Go through all of the topics in IOS and learn them, configure them and figure out how and why they work. Cisco IOS is generally a well-documented OS. Cisco also has a very active certification support community that can provide specific advice as issues arise.

Preparing for any test can be stressful, and Cisco’s CCNAs are no exception. No matter how much studying you’ve done, it won’t be of much use if you’re tired or distracted. The best thing you can do to prepare is to get plenty of sleep, and go into your exams as relaxed and confident as possible.

1) Which two things can be determined by using the ping command? (Choose two.)
the number of routers between the source and destination device
the IP address of the router nearest the destination device
* the average time it takes a packet to reach the destination and for the response to return to the source
* whether or not the destination device is reachable through the network
the average time it takes each router in the path between source and destination to respond

2) What are three main types of high-bandwidth connection options used by medium- to large-sized businesses? (Choose three.)
DSL
cable modem
Ethernet
* metro Ethernet
* T1
* T3

3) What is the maximum T1 transmission speed?
56 kbps
128 kbps
* 1.544 Mbps
2.4 Mbps

4) Which of the following start the test of destination reachability?
* echo request issued by source
echo reply issued by source
echo request issued by destination
echo reply issued by destination

5) Which statement describes a function of a Tier 1 ISP?
* peers with other similarly sized ISPs to form the global Internet backbone
uses the services of Tier 3 ISPs to connect to the global Internet backbone
pays Tier 2 ISPs for transit services to connect across continents
limits the offered services to small geographic areas

6) At which point do individuals and small businesses connect directly to the ISP network to obtain Internet access?
* at a POP
at an IXP
at a Metro Ethernet link
on the ISP extranet

7) What information is contained in the numbered RFCs maintained by the IETF?
the rules for acceptable use of websites and e-mail
the descriptions of various hardware components that connect to the Internet
* the specifications and rules for how devices communicate over an IP network
the standards for cabling and wiring for local Ethernet networks

8) Which network support services team is responsible for testing a new customer connection and for monitoring the ongoing operation of the link?"
customer service
help desk
* network operations
on-site installation

9) Which network support services team identifies whether the client site has existing network hardware and circuits installed?
customer service
help desk
network operations
* planning and provisioning

10) Which ISP network support systems team will typically contact the customer once a new circuit is ready and guide the customer in setting up passwords and other account information?
* help desk
customer service
network operations center
on-site installation team
planning and provisioning

11) What feature allows network devices to be scalable?
a fixed number of interfaces
ease of repair
* modularity
low maintenance requirements
low cost

12) Which command generated this output?

1 12.0.0.2 4 msec 4 msec 4 msec
2 23.0.0.3 20 msec 16 msec 16 msec
3 34.0.0.4 16 msec 18 msec 16 msec
* Router# traceroute 34.0.0.4
Router# nslookup 34.0.0.4
Router# ping 34.0.0.4
Router# telnet 34.0.0.4

13) Which network utility helps determine the location of network problems and identifies routers that packets travel across?
ping
ipconfig
* traceroute
ixp

14) What interconnects the Internet backbone?
gateway routers
* IXPs
POPs
satellite dishes

15) What units are used to measure Internet bandwidth?
* bits per second
bytes per second
hertz
megabytes per second
packets per second

16) The IT manager of a medium-sized business wishes to house the company-owned web servers in a facility that offers round-the-clock controlled access, redundant power, and high-bandwidth Internet access. Which ISP service will fulfill this need?
web hosting
planning and provisioning
application hosting
* equipment colocation
Tier 1 ISP services

17) What is the purpose of an RFC?
to provide the connection point for multiple ISPs to the Internet
* to document the development and approval of an Internet standard
to connect a business to an ISP
to provide data communication services to ISP customers
to monitor network performance and connection status of ISP clients

18) When did the Internet become available for use by businesses and consumers?
1979
1984
* 1991
1999
2000

19) What was the original purpose of the Internet?
voice communication
marketing
* research
commerce

20) What three support service teams are commonly found within an ISP? (Choose three.)
* help desk
computer support
application readiness
* network operations center
* planning and provisioning
implementation and documentation

CCNA2 Chapter 6 The network administrator needs to configure a default route on the Border router. Which command would the administrator use to configure a default route that will require the least amount of router processing when forwarding packets

The CCNA certification requires you to take one of two paths: split the objectives into two exams for easier study or take a single composite test. Everyone who takes a shot at the CCNA has their own preferred method of achieving it, but neither path is better than the other. If you decide to take the split route, the two exams will include the 100-101 – Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) and the 200-101 – Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2). If decide you only want to take one test, the exam will include the 200-120 – Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices (Composite). These exams became available in spring 2013, and the older CCNA exams (640-822, 640-816 and 640-802) will be retired on September 30, 2013


Preparing for the CCNA exams

When studying for these exams, it’s best to prepare the way that works for you. For those who have some experience with networking, self-study is a popular option, and you can do so using any number of available resources, including the courses available through Pluralsight. In my experience, self-study works well when coupled with considerable practice on Cisco’s IOS. For most people at the CCNA level, using a product like GNS3 combined with computer-based training is an excellent approach. For the CCNA R&S exams, make sure you understand the fundamentals, IP subnetting, addressing and basic routing, before looking at other topics. Regardless of the changes to these exams, the fundamentals will always be covered.

For most of the tests that Cisco offers, cramming isn’t a useful option and should be avoided. Go through all of the topics in IOS and learn them, configure them and figure out how and why they work. Cisco IOS is generally a well-documented OS. Cisco also has a very active certification support community that can provide specific advice as issues arise.

Preparing for any test can be stressful, and Cisco’s CCNAs are no exception. No matter how much studying you’ve done, it won’t be of much use if you’re tired or distracted. The best thing you can do to prepare is to get plenty of sleep, and go into your exams as relaxed and confident as possible.

1
What are two advantages of static routing over dynamic routing? (Choose two.)
Static routing is more secure because it does not advertise over the network.*
Static routing is relatively easy to configure for large networks.
Static routing requires very little knowledge of the network for correct implementation.
Static routing uses fewer router resources than dynamic routing.*
Static routing scales well with expanding networks.
2

Refer to the exhibit. Which is the best way for PC A and PC B to successfully communicate with sites on the Internet?
Configure a default route from R1 to ISP and a static route from ISP to R1.*
Configure a static route from R1 to ISP and a dynamic route from ISP to R1.
Configure a routing protocol between R1 and ISP and advertise all the routes.
Configure a dynamic route from R1 to ISP and a static route from ISP to R1.
3

Refer to the exhibit. The small company shown uses static routing. Users on the R2 LAN have reported a problem with connectivity. What is the issue?
R1 and R2 must use a dynamic routing protocol.
R1 needs a default route to R2.
R2 needs a static route to the Internet.
R2 needs a static route to the R1 LANs.
R1 needs a static route to the R2 LAN.*
4

Refer to the exhibit. The network engineer for the company that is shown wants to use the primary ISP connection for all external connectivity. The backup ISP connection is used only if the primary ISP connection fails. Which set of commands would accomplish this goal?
ip route 198.133.219.24 255.255.255.252
ip route 64.100.210.80 255.255.255.252
ip route 198.133.219.24 255.255.255.252
ip route 64.100.210.80 255.255.255.252 10
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/0
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/1/0
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/0
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/1/0 10 ******
5
What type of route allows a router to forward packets even though its routing table contains no specific route to the destination network?
generic route
destination route
dynamic route
default route*
6

Refer to the graphic. Which command would be used on router A to configure a static route to direct traffic from LAN A that is destined for LAN C?
A(config)# ip route 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.4.0
A(config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.2
A(config)# ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1
A(config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.2*
A(config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.5.2
7
The network administrator configures the router with the ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 command. How will this route appear in the routing table?
S 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S 172.16.1.0 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2*
C 172.16.1.0 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2
C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
8

Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator needs to configure a default route on the Border router. Which command would the administrator use to configure a default route that will require the least amount of router processing when forwarding packets?
Border(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/1*
Border(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 198.133.219.5
Border(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/0
Border(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 198.133.219.6
9
Why would a floating static route be configured with an administrative distance that is higher than the administrative distance of a dynamic routing protocol that is running on the same router?
to be the priority route in the routing table
to be used as a backup route*
to act as a gateway of last resort
to load-balance the traffic
10

Refer to the exhibit. What command would be used to configure a static route on R1 so that traffic from both LANs can reach the 2001:db8:1:4::/64 remote network?
ipv6 route 2001:db8:1::/65 2001:db8:1:3::1
ipv6 route 2001:db8:1:4::/64 2001:db8:1:3::2*
ipv6 route 2001:db8:1:4::/64 2001:db8:1:3::1
ipv6 route ::/0 serial0/0/0
11

Refer to the exhibit. Which default static route command would allow R1 to potentially reach all unknown networks on the Internet?
R1(config)# ipv6 route 2001:db8:32::/64 G0/1 fe80::2
R1(config)# ipv6 route ::/0 G0/0 fe80::2
R1(config)# ipv6 route ::/0 G0/1 fe80::2*
R1(config)# ipv6 route 2001:db8:32::/64 G0/0
12
Which two statements describe classful IP addresses? (Choose two.)
All subnets in a network are the same size.*
Only Class A addresses can be represented by high-order bits 100.
Three of the five classes of addresses are reserved for multicasts and experimental use.
The number of bits used to identify the hosts is fixed by the class of the network.*
Up to 24 bits can make up the host portion of a Class C address.
It is possible to determine which class an address belongs to by reading the first bit.
13
A company has several networks with the following IP address requirements:
IP phones – 50
PCs – 70
IP cameras – 10
wireless access points – 10
network printers – 10
network scanners – 2
Which block of addresses would be the minimum to accommodate all of these devices if each type of device was on its own network?
172.16.0.0/23
172.16.0.0/24*
172.16.0.0/22
172.16.0.0/25
14
What does VLSM allow a network administrator to do?
utilize one public IP address to translate multiple private addresses
utilize multiple different subnet masks in the same IP address space*
utilize one dynamic routing protocol throughout the entire network
utilize multiple routing protocols within an autonomous system
utilize one subnet mask throughout a hierarchical network
15
What would be the best summary route for the following networks?
10.50.168.0/23
10.50.170.0/23
10.50.172.0/23
10.50.174.0/24
10.50.160.0/22
10.50.164.0/23
10.50.168.0/16
10.50.168.0/21*
10.50.168.0/22
10.50.168.0/23
16
What is a valid summary route for IPv6 networks 2001:0DB8:ACAD:4::/64, 2001:0DB8:ACAD:5::/64, 2001:0DB8:ACAD:6::/64, and 2001:0DB8:ACAD:7::/64?
2001:0DB8:ACAD:0000::/63
2001:0DB8:ACAD:0000::/64
2001:0DB8:ACAD:0004::/62*
2001:0DB8:ACAD:0004::/63
17
Which type of static route that is configured on a router uses only the exit interface?
directly connected static route*
fully specified static route
default static route
recursive static route
18
Which three IOS troubleshooting commands can help to isolate problems with a static route? (Choose three.)
show ip route*
show ip interface brief*
ping*
tracert
show arp
show version
19

Refer to the exhibit. What two commands will change the next-hop address for the 10.0.0.0/8 network from 172.16.40.2 to 192.168.1.2? (Choose two.)
A(config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.1.2*
A(config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 s0/0/0
A(config)# no ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 172.16.40.2
A(config)# no network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.40.2
A(config)# no ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.40.2*
20
What happens to a static route entry in a routing table when the outgoing interface is not available?
The router polls neighbors for a replacement route.
The router redirects the static route to compensate for the loss of the next hop device.
The route is removed from the table.*
The route remains in the table because it was defined as static.
21

Launch PT  Hide and Save PT
Open the PT activity. Perform the tasks in the activity instructions and then answer the question. What is the name of the web server that is displayed in the webpage?
Webserver10*
Main-Webserver
WWW-Server
MNSRV
22

Launch PT Hide and Save PT
Open the PT Activity. Perform the tasks in the activity instructions and then answer the question.
What IPv6 static route can be configured on router R1 to make a fully converged network?
ipv6 route 2001:db8:10:12::/64 S0/0/1*
ipv6 route 2001:db8:10:12::/64 2001:db8:32:77::1
ipv6 route 2001:db8:10:12::/64 S0/0/0
ipv6 route 2001:db8:10:12::/64 2001:db8:10:12::1

CCNA2 Capter 5 Answer What is a disadvantage of using multilayer switches for inter-VLAN routing?

 Preparing for the CCNA exams

When studying for these exams, it’s best to prepare the way that works for you. For those who have some experience with networking, self-study is a popular option, and you can do so using any number of available resources, including the courses available through Pluralsight. In my experience, self-study works well when coupled with considerable practice on Cisco’s IOS. For most people at the CCNA level, using a product like GNS3 combined with computer-based training is an excellent approach. For the CCNA R&S exams, make sure you understand the fundamentals, IP subnetting, addressing and basic routing, before looking at other topics. Regardless of the changes to these exams, the fundamentals will always be covered.

For most of the tests that Cisco offers, cramming isn’t a useful option and should be avoided. Go through all of the topics in IOS and learn them, configure them and figure out how and why they work. Cisco IOS is generally a well-documented OS. Cisco also has a very active certification support community that can provide specific advice as issues arise.

Preparing for any test can be stressful, and Cisco’s CCNAs are no exception. No matter how much studying you’ve done, it won’t be of much use if you’re tired or distracted. The best thing you can do to prepare is to get plenty of sleep, and go into your exams as relaxed and confident as possible.

1
Fill in the blank. Do not use abbreviations.
A network engineer is troubleshooting the configuration of new VLANs on a network. ​Which command is used to display the list of VLANs that exists on the switch? ” show vlan ”
2
What is a disadvantage of using multilayer switches for inter-VLAN routing?
Multilayer switches have higher latency for Layer 3 routing.
Spanning tree must be disabled in order to implement routing on a multilayer switch.
Multilayer switches are more expensive than router-on-a-stick implementations.*
Multilayer switches are limited to using trunk links for Layer 3 routing.
3

Refer to the exhibit. A router-on-a-stick configuration was implemented for VLANs 15, 30, and 45, according to the show running-config command output. PCs on VLAN 45 that are using the 172.16.45.0 /24 network are having trouble connecting to PCs on VLAN 30 in the 172.16.30.0 /24 network. Which error is most likely causing this problem?​
The command no shutdown is missing on GigabitEthernet 0/0.30
The GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface is missing an IP address.
There is an incorrect IP address configured on GigabitEthernet 0/0.30.*
The wrong VLAN has been configured on GigabitEthernet 0/0.45
4

Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has configured router CiscoVille with the above commands to provide inter-VLAN routing. What command will be required on a switch that is connected to the Gi0/0 interface on router CiscoVille to allow inter-VLAN routing?​
switchport mode trunk*
switchport mode dynamic desirable
switchport mode access
no switchport
5

Refer to the exhibit. The switch does the routing for the hosts that connect to VLAN 5. If the PC accesses a web server from the Internet, at what point will a VLAN number be added to the frame?
point A
point B
point D
point C
point E
No VLAN number is added to the frame in this design.*
6
Inter-VLAN communication is not occurring in a particular building of a school. Which two commands could the network administrator use to verify that inter-VLAN communication was working properly between a router and a Layer 2 switch when the router-on-a-stick design method is implemented? (Choose two.)
From the switch, issue the show vlans command.
From the router, issue the show interface interface command.
From the switch, issue the show interface trunk command.*
From the switch, issue the show interface interface command.
From the router, issue the show ip route command.*
From the router, issue the show interface trunk command.
7

Refer to the exhibit. Router RA receives a packet with a source address of 192.168.1.35 and a destination address of 192.168.1.85. What will the router do with this packet?
The router will drop the packet.
The router will forward the packet out interface FastEthernet 0/1.2 and interface FastEthernet 0/1.3.
The router will forward the packet out interface FastEthernet 0/1.1.
The router will forward the packet out interface FastEthernet 0/1.2.*
The router will forward the packet out interface FastEthernet 0/1.3.
8
What condition is required to enable Layer 3 switching?
All participating switches must have unique VLAN numbers.
Inter-VLAN portions of Layer 3 switching must use router-on-a-stick.
The Layer 3 switch must have IP routing enabled.*
All routed subnets must be on the same VLAN.
9
Which type of inter-VLAN communication design requires the configuration of multiple subinterfaces?
legacy inter-VLAN routing
routing for the management VLAN
router on a stick*
routing via a multilayer switch
10

Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is configuring RT1 for inter-VLAN routing. The switch is configured correctly and is functional. Host1, Host2, and Host3 cannot communicate with each other. Based on the router configuration, what is causing the problem?
Routers do not support 802.1Q encapsulation on subinterfaces.
IP addresses on the subinterfaces are incorrectly matched to the VLANs.*
Each subinterface of Fa0/0 needs separate no shutdown commands.
Interface Fa0/0 is missing IP address configuration information.
11
How is traffic routed between multiple VLANs on a multilayer switch?
Traffic is routed via internal VLAN interfaces.*
Traffic is routed via physical interfaces.
Traffic is broadcast out all physical interfaces.
Traffic is routed via subinterfaces.
12

Refer to the exhibit. Communication between the VLANs is not occurring. What could be the issue?
The wrong port on the router has been used.
The Gi1/1 switch port is not in trunking mode.*
Default gateways have not been configured for each VLAN.
A duplex issue exists between the switch and the router.
13
What is a disadvantage of using router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing?
does not support VLAN-tagged packets
does not scale well beyond 50 VLANs*
requires the use of multiple router interfaces configured to operate as access links
requires the use of more physical interfaces than legacy inter-VLAN routing
14
Which statement describes a disadvantage of using router subinterfaces for inter-VLAN routing?
Routed traffic must contend for bandwidth on a single router interface.*
All untagged traffic is dropped.
It is more expensive than using individual router interfaces.
Trunking cannot be used to connect the router to the switch.
15
Fill in the blank with an acronym.
While configuring inter-VLAN routing on a multilayer switch, a/an   ” SVI ”   is used as a virtual-routed VLAN interface.
16

Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is verifying the configuration of inter-VLAN routing. Users complain that PC2 cannot communicate with PC1. Based on the output, what is the possible cause of the problem?
The command interface GigabitEthernet0/0.5 was entered incorrectly.
There is no IP address configured on the interface Gi0/0.
The encapsulation dot1Q 5 command contains the wrong VLAN.*
The no shutdown command is not entered on subinterfaces.
Gi0/0 is not configured as a trunk port.
17

Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is verifying the configuration of inter-VLAN routing. Users complain that PCs on different VLANs cannot communicate. Based on the output, what are two configuration errors on switch interface Gi1/1? (Choose two.)
The trunking encapsulation protocol is configured wrong.
Negotiation of trunking is turned on on Gi1/1.
Gi1/1 is configured as trunk mode.*
Voice VLAN is not assigned to Gi1/1.
Gi1/1 is in the default VLAN.*
18
While configuring inter-VLAN routing on a multilayer switch, a network administrator issues the no switchport command on an interface that is connected to another switch. What is the purpose of this command?
to create a switched virtual interface
to provide an access link that tags VLAN traffic
to create a routed port for a single network*
to provide a static trunk link
19
The PT initialization was skipped. You will not be able to view the PT activity.
Open the PT Activity. Perform the tasks in the activity instructions and then answer the question.
Fill in the blank. Do not use abbreviations.
Which command is missing on the Layer 3 switch to restore the full connectivity between PC1 and the web server?
“ ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0 ”
20
A small college uses VLAN 10 for the classroom network and VLAN 20 for the office network. What is needed to enable communication between these two VLANs while using legacy inter-VLAN routing?
A switch with a port that is configured as trunk is needed to connect to a router.
Two groups of switches are needed, each with ports that are configured for one VLAN.
A router with at least two LAN interfaces should be used.*
A router with one VLAN interface is needed to connect to the SVI on a switch.
21

Refer to the exhibit. After attempting to enter the configuration that is shown in router RTA, an administrator receives an error and users on VLAN 20 report that they are unable to reach users on VLAN 30. What is causing the problem?
The no shutdown command should have been issued on Fa0/0.20 and Fa0/0.30.
There is no address on Fa0/0 to use as a default gateway.
Dot1q does not support subinterfaces.
RTA is using the same subnet for VLAN 20 and VLAN 30.*
22

Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator needs to configure router-on-a-stick for the networks that are shown. How many subinterfaces will have to be created on the router if each VLAN that is shown is to be routed and each VLAN has its own subinterface?
5
3
1
4*
2
23

Refer to the exhibit. Which command can the administrator issue to change the VLAN10 status to up?​
Switch1(config)# vlan 10*
Switch1(config)# interface vlan 10
Switch1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0​
Switch1(config)# interface vlan 10
Switch1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Switch1(config-if)# no shutdown​
Switch1(config)# interface vlan 10
Switch1(config-if)# no shutdown​


Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching is a certification program for entry-level network engineers that helps maximize your investment in foundational networking knowledge and increase the value of your employer's network. CCNA Routing and Switching is for Network Specialists, Network Administrators, and Network Support Engineers with 1-3 years of experience. The CCNA Routing and Switching validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks

ccna2 chapter 4 What type of IPv6 address is required as a minimum on IPv6 enabled interfaces?

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching is a certification program for entry-level network engineers that helps maximize your investment in foundational networking knowledge and increase the value of your employer's network. CCNA Routing and Switching is for Network Specialists, Network Administrators, and Network Support Engineers with 1-3 years of experience. The CCNA Routing and Switching validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks

1
What type of IPv6 address is required as a minimum on IPv6 enabled interfaces?
static
global unicast
link-local*
loopback
unique local
2
In order for packets to be sent to a remote destination, what three pieces of information must be configured on a host? (Choose three.)
default gateway*
hostname
DNS server address
DHCP server address
IP address*
subnet mask*
3
What two pieces of information are displayed in the output of the show ip interface brief command? (Choose two.)
MAC addresses
Layer 1 statuses*
IP addresses*
next-hop addresses
interface descriptions
speed and duplex settings
4

CCNA2 chapter 3 A network administrator is determining the best placement of VLAN trunk links. Which two types of point-to-point connections utilize VLAN trunking?​ (Choose two.)

 Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching is a certification program for entry-level network engineers that helps maximize your investment in foundational networking knowledge and increase the value of your employer's network. CCNA Routing and Switching is for Network Specialists, Network Administrators, and Network Support Engineers with 1-3 years of experience. The CCNA Routing and Switching validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks

1
A network administrator is determining the best placement of VLAN trunk links. Which two types of point-to-point connections utilize VLAN trunking?​ (Choose two.)
between two switches that share a common VLAN
between a switch and a server that has an 802.1Q NIC*
between a switch and a client PC
between a switch and a network printer
between two switches that utilize multiple VLANs*
2
What happens to a port that is associated with VLAN 10 when the administrator deletes VLAN 10 from the switch?
The port automatically associates itself with the native VLAN.
The port creates the VLAN again.
The port goes back to the default VLAN.
The port becomes inactive.*
3

Refer to the exhibit. Interface Fa0/1 is connected to a PC. Fa0/2 is a trunk link to another switch. All other ports are unused. Which security best practice did the administrator forget to configure?
Configure all unused ports to a ‘black-hole’ VLAN that is not used for anything on the network.
Disable autonegotiation and set ports to either static access or static trunk.
Change the native VLAN to a fixed VLAN that is distinct from all user VLANs and to a VLAN number that is not VLAN 1.
All user ports are associated with VLANs distinct from VLAN 1 and distinct from the ‘black-hole’ VLAN.*
4
Which command is used to remove only VLAN 20 from a switch?
no switchport access vlan 20
delete flash:vlan.dat
no vlan 20*
delete vlan.dat
5
A Cisco Catalyst switch has been added to support the use of multiple VLANs as part of an enterprise network. The network technician finds it necessary to clear all VLAN information from the switch in order to incorporate a new network design. What should the technician do to accomplish this task?
Erase the startup configuration and reboot the switch.
Erase the running configuration and reboot the switch.
Delete the startup configuration and the vlan.dat file in the flash memory of the switch and reboot the switch.*
Delete the IP address that is assigned to the management VLAN and reboot the switch.
6
What is the effect of issuing a switchport access vlan 20 command on the Fa0/18 port of a switch that does not have this VLAN in the VLAN database?
VLAN 20 will be created automatically.*
The command will have no effect on the switch.
Port Fa0/18 will be shut down.
An error stating that VLAN 20 does not exist will be displayed and VLAN 20 is not created.
7

CCNA 1 Final Exam What will a Layer 2 switch do when the destination MAC address of a received frame is not in the MAC table?

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching is a certification program for entry-level network engineers that helps maximize your investment in foundational networking knowledge and increase the value of your employer's network. CCNA Routing and Switching is for Network Specialists, Network Administrators, and Network Support Engineers with 1-3 years of experience. The CCNA Routing and Switching validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks

 1 Refer to the exhibit.

The network administrator enters these commands into the R1 router:

R1# copy running-config tftp
Address or name of remote host [ ]?

When the router prompts for an address or remote host name, what IP address should the administrator enter at the prompt?

192.168.9.254
192.168.10.1
192.168.10.2
192.168.11.254
192.168.11.252

2 Which three statements characterize the transport layer protocols? (Choose three.)

TCP uses port numbers to provide reliable transportation of IP packets.
TCP and UDP port numbers are used by application layer protocols.
TCP uses windowing and sequencing to provide reliable transfer of data.
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. UDP is a connectionless protocol.
UDP uses windowing and acknowledgments for reliable transfer of data.

3 What is the purpose of ICMP messages?

to inform routers about network topology changes
to ensure the delivery of an IP packet
to monitor the process of a domain name to IP address resolution
to provide feedback of IP packet transmissions

4 A technician uses the ping 127.0.0.1 command. What is the technician testing?

connectivity between a PC and the default gateway
connectivity between two adjacent Cisco devices
physical connectivity of a particular PC and the network
the TCP/IP stack on a network host
connectivity between two PCs on the same network

5 What will a Layer 2 switch do when the destination MAC address of a received frame is not in the MAC table?

It notifies the sending host that the frame cannot be delivered.
It initiates an ARP request.
It forwards the frame out of all ports except for the port at which the frame was received.
It broadcasts the frame out of all ports on the switch.

6 What is a characteristic of the LLC sublayer?

It places information in the frame that allows multiple Layer 3 protocols to use the same network interface and media.
It provides delimitation of data according to the physical signaling requirements of the medium.
It defines software processes that provide services to the physical layer.
It provides the logical addressing required that identifies the device.

7
On which switch interface would an administrator configure an IP address so that the switch can be managed remotely?

VLAN 1
console 0
vty 0
FastEthernet0/1

8
A network engineer is measuring the transfer of bits across the company backbone for a mission critical database application. The engineer notices that the network throughput appears lower than the bandwidth expected. Which three factors could influence the differences in throughput? (Choose three.)

the reliability of the gigabit Ethernet infrastructure of the backbone
the amount of traffic that is currently crossing the network
the type of traffic that is crossing the network
the sophistication of the encapsulation method applied to the data
the bandwidth of the WAN connection to the Internet
the latency that is created by the number of network devices that the data is crossing

9
When applied to a router, which command would help mitigate brute-force password attacks against the router?

service password-encryption
login block-for 60 attempts 5 within 60
banner motd $Max failed logins = 5$
exec-timeout 30

10
Which two statements correctly describe a router memory type and its contents? (Choose two.)

ROM is nonvolatile and contains basic diagnostic software.
FLASH is nonvolatile and contains a limited portion of the IOS​.
ROM is nonvolatile and stores the running IOS.
RAM is volatile and stores the IP routing table.
NVRAM is nonvolatile and stores other system files.

11
Which two components are necessary for a wireless client to be installed on a WLAN? (Choose two.)

custom adapter
wireless bridge
media
wireless NIC
crossover cable
wireless client software

12 Launch PT - Hide and Save PT

Open the PT activity. Perform the tasks in the activity instructions and then fill in the blank.

The Server0 message is .​ ”   winner   ”

ccna2 chapter 2 Which two statements are true regarding switch port security? (Choose two.)

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching is a certification program for entry-level network engineers that helps maximize your investment in foundational networking knowledge and increase the value of your employer's network. CCNA Routing and Switching is for Network Specialists, Network Administrators, and Network Support Engineers with 1-3 years of experience. The CCNA Routing and Switching validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks

1
Which two basic functions are performed by network security tools? (Choose two.)
writing a security policy document for protecting networks
controlling physical access to user devices
revealing the type of information an attacker is able to gather from monitoring network traffic*
simulating attacks against the production network to determine any existing vulnerabilities*
educating employees about social engineering attacks

2 
Which type of cable does a network administrator need to connect a PC to a switch to recover it after the Cisco IOS software fails to load?
a coaxial cable
a crossover cable
a straight-through cable
a console cable*

 3

Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator wants to configure Switch1 to allow SSH connections and prohibit Telnet connections. How should the network administrator change the displayed configuration to satisfy the requirement?
Reconfigure the RSA key.
Configure SSH on a different line.
Use SSH version 1.
Modify the transport input command.*
4
While troubleshooting a connectivity problem, a network administrator notices that a switch port status LED is alternating between green and amber. What could this LED indicate?
A PC is using the wrong cable to connect to the port.
The port has an active link with normal traffic activity.
The port is administratively down.
The port has no link.
The port is experiencing errors.*

5

Open the PT Activity. Perform the tasks in the activity instructions and then answer the question.
Fill in the blank.
Do not use abbreviations.What is the missing command on S1? “ ip address 192.168.99.2 255.255.255.0 ”
The ip address 192.168.99.2 255.255.255.0 command is missing on interface vlan 99, the management VLAN.​
6
Which three statements are true about using full-duplex Fast Ethernet? (Choose three.)
Performance is improved with bidirectional data flow.*
Performance is improved because the NIC is able to detect collisions.
Latency is reduced because the NIC processes frames faster.
Full-duplex Fast Ethernet offers 100 percent efficiency in both directions.*
Nodes operate in full-duplex with unidirectional data flow.
Performance is improved because the collision detect function is disabled on the device.*
7
In which type of attack does a malicious node request all available IP addresses in the address pool of a DHCP server in order to prevent legitimate hosts from obtaining network access?​
CAM table overflow
DHCP starvation*
MAC address flooding
DHCP snooping
8
Which protocol or service sends broadcasts containing the Cisco IOS software version of the sending device, and the packets of which can be captured by malicious hosts on the network?
DNS
CDP*
DHCP
SSH
9
Which two statements are true regarding switch port security? (Choose two.)
The three configurable violation modes all require user intervention to re-enable ports.
The three configurable violation modes all log violations via SNMP.
After entering the sticky parameter, only MAC addresses subsequently learned are converted to secure MAC addresses.
Dynamically learned secure MAC addresses are lost when the switch reboots.*
If fewer than the maximum number of MAC addresses for a port are configured statically, dynamically learned addresses are added to CAM until the maximum number is reached.*
10
The network administrator enters the following commands on a Cisco switch:
Switch(config)# interface vlan1
Switch(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
Switch(config-if)# no shutdown
What is the effect of entering these commands?
The address of the default gateway for this LAN is 192.168.1.2/24.
Users on the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet are able to ping the switch at IP address 192.168.1.2.*
All devices attached to this switch must be in the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet to communicate.
The switch is able to forward frames to remote networks.
11

Refer to the exhibit. Port Fa0/2 has already been configured appropriately. The IP phone and PC work properly. Which switch configuration would be most appropriate for port Fa0/2 if the network administrator has the following goals?
No one is allowed to disconnect the IP phone or the PC and connect some other wired device.
If a different device is connected, port Fa0/2 is shut down.
The switch should automatically detect the MAC address of the IP phone and the PC and add those addresses to the running configuration.
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 2
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky********
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 2
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security violation restrict
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 2
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security
SWA(config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky
12

Refer to the exhibit. Which event will take place if there is a port security violation on switch S1 interface Fa0/1?
A notification is sent.
The interface will go into error-disabled state.
A syslog message is logged.
Packets with unknown source addresses will be dropped.*
13
Which method would mitigate a MAC address flooding attack?
using ACLs to filter broadcast traffic on the switch​
increasing the speed of switch ports
increasing the size of the CAM table
configuring port security*
14

Refer to the exhibit. What media issue might exist on the link connected to Fa0/1 based on the show interface command?
The interface might be configured as half-duplex.
The bandwidth parameter on the interface might be too high.
There could be too much electrical interference and noise on the link.*
The cable attaching the host to port Fa0/1 might be too long.
There could be an issue with a faulty NIC.
15
Fill in the blank.
” Full-duplex” communication allows both ends of a connection to transmit and receive data simultaneously.
Full-duplex communication improves the performance of a switched LAN, increasing effective bandwidth by allowing both ends of a connection to transmit and receive data simultaneously.
16
Which interface is the default location that would contain the IP address used to manage a 24-port Ethernet switch?
VLAN 1*
VLAN 99
Fa0/0
Fa0/1
interface connected to the default gateway
17
Which action will bring an error-disabled switch port back to an operational state?
Issue the switchport mode access command on the interface.
Remove and reconfigure port security on the interface.
Clear the MAC address table on the switch.
Issue the shutdown and then no shutdown interface commands.*
18

Refer to the exhibit. What can be determined about port security from the information that is shown?
The port has been shut down.
The port has the maximum number of MAC addresses that is supported by a Layer 2 switch port which is configured for port security.
The port violation mode is the default for any port that has port security enabled.*
The port has two attached devices.
19

Place the options in the following order:
step 3
- not scored -
step 1
step 4
step 2
step 5
step 6
20 
A production switch is reloaded and finishes with a Switch> prompt. What two facts can be determined? (Choose two.)
There is not enough RAM or flash on this router.
The switch did not locate the Cisco IOS in flash, so it defaulted to ROM.
A full version of the Cisco IOS was located and loaded.*
The boot process was interrupted.
POST occurred normally.


21

Refer to the exhibit. Which S1 switch port interface or interfaces should be configured with the ip dhcp snooping trust command if best practices are implemented?
only the G0/1 and G0/24 ports*
only unused ports
only the G0/2, G0/3, and G0/4 ports
only the G0/1 port
only the G0/1, G0/2, G0/3, and G0/4 ports
22
Which command displays information about the auto-MDIX setting for a specific interface?​
show interfaces
show processes
show running-config
show controllers*

23
What impact does the use of the mdix auto configuration command have on an Ethernet interface on a switch?
automatically assigns the first detected MAC address to an interface
automatically detects duplex settings
automatically detects copper cable type*
automatically detects interface speed
24
Fill in the blank.
When port security is enabled, a switch port uses the default violation mode of    ”   shutdown  ”    until specifically configured to use a different violation mode.
If no violation mode is specified when port security is enabled on a switch port, then the security violation mode defaults to shutdown.

CCNA2 Chapter 1 Answer What is one advantage of using the cut-through switching method instead of the store-and-forward switching method?

 Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching is a certification program for entry-level network engineers that helps maximize your investment in foundational networking knowledge and increase the value of your employer's network. CCNA Routing and Switching is for Network Specialists, Network Administrators, and Network Support Engineers with 1-3 years of experience. The CCNA Routing and Switching validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks
1
What is one advantage of using the cut-through switching method instead of the store-and-forward switching method?
has a positive impact on bandwidth by dropping most of the invalid frames
makes a fast forwarding decision based on the source MAC address of the frame
has a lower latency appropriate for high-performance computing applications​*
provides the flexibility to support any mix of Ethernet speeds
2
A network designer must provide a rationale to a customer for a design which will move an enterprise from a flat network topology to a hierarchical network topology. Which two features of the hierarchical design make it the better choice? (Choose two.)
reduced cost for equipment and user training
less required equipment to provide the same performance levels
simpler deployment for additional switch equipment*
easier to provide redundant links to ensure higher availability*
lower bandwidth requirements
3
What are two advantages of modular switches over fixed-configuration switches? (Choose two.)
availability of multiple ports for bandwidth aggregation
lower forwarding rates
need for fewer power outlets*
lower cost per switch
increased scalability*
4

Refer to the exhibit. Consider that the main power has just been restored. PC1 asks the DHCP server for IPv4 addressing. The DHCP server sends it an IPv4 address. While PC2 is still booting up, PC3 issues a broadcast IPv4 DHCP request. To which port will SW1 forward this request?​
to Fa0/1, Fa0/2, and Fa0/4 only​
to Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, and Fa0/4
to Fa0/1 and Fa0/2 only
to Fa0/1, Fa0/2, and Fa0/3 only*
to Fa0/1 only​
5
What is one function of a Layer 2 switch?
forwards data based on logical addressing
learns the port assigned to a host by examining the destination MAC address
duplicates the electrical signal of each frame to every port
determines which interface is used to forward a frame based on the destination MAC address*
6

Refer to the exhibit. Fill in the blank.
There are ” 12 ” collision domains in the topology.​
7
What is a collapsed core in a network design?
a combination of the functionality of the access, distribution, and core layers
a combination of the functionality of the access and core layers
a combination of the functionality of the distribution and core layers*
a combination of the functionality of the access and distribution layers
8
What are two reasons a network administrator would segment a network with a Layer 2 switch? (Choose two.)
to enhance user bandwidth*
to eliminate virtual circuits
to create more broadcast domains
to isolate traffic between segments*
to isolate ARP request messages from the rest of the network
to create fewer collision domains
9

Refer to the exhibit.
How is a frame sent from PCA forwarded to PCC if the MAC address table on switch SW1 is empty?
SW1 forwards the frame directly to SW2. SW2 floods the frame to all ports connected to SW2, excluding the port through which the frame entered the switch.
SW1 floods the frame on all ports on the switch, excluding the interconnected port to switch SW2 and the port through which the frame entered the switch.
SW1 floods the frame on all ports on SW1, excluding the port through which the frame entered the switch.*
SW1 drops the frame because it does not know the destination MAC address.
10

Place the options in the following order:
[+] appropriate for high performance computing applications
[+] forwarding process can begin after receiving the destination address
[+] may forward invalid frames
[#] error checking before forwarding
[#] forwarding process only begin after receiving the entire frame
[#] only forward valid frames
[+] Order does not matter within this group.
[#] Order does not matter within this group.
11
What is a basic function of the Cisco Borderless Architecture distribution layer?
aggregating Layer 3 routing boundaries*
aggregating all the campus blocks
acting as a backbone
providing access to the user
12
ABC, Inc. has about fifty hosts in one LAN. The administrator would like to increase the throughput of that LAN. Which device will increase the number of collision domains and thereby increase the throughput of the LAN?
hub
host
NIC
switch*
13
What does the term “port density” represent for an Ethernet switch?
the numbers of hosts that are connected to each switch port
the speed of each port
the memory space that is allocated to each switch port
the number of available ports*
14
Which type of transmission does a switch use when the destination MAC address is not contained in the MAC address table?
anycast
unicast
broadcast*
multicast
15
What is a basic function of the Cisco Borderless Architecture access layer?
aggregates Layer 3 routing boundaries
provides high availability
aggregates Layer 2 broadcast domains
provides access to the user*
16
What information is added to the switch table from incoming frames?
source MAC address and incoming port number*
destination MAC address and incoming port number
destination IP address and incoming port number
source IP address and incoming port number
17
Fill in the blank.
A     “converged”     network is one that uses the same infrastructure to carry voice, data, and video signals.
18
An administrator purchases new Cisco switches that have a feature called StackPower. What is the purpose of this feature?
It enables many switches to be connected with a special fiber-optic power cable to provide higher bandwidth.
It enables the sharing of power among multiple stackable switches.*
It enables many switches to be connected to increase port density.
It enables many switches to be physically stacked in an equipment rack.
It enables AC power for a switch to be provided from a powered patch panel.
19
Which switch form factor should be used when large port density, fault tolerance, and low price are important factors?
fixed-configuration switch
modular switch
stackable switch*
rackable 1U switch
20

Refer to the exhibit. Fill in the blank.
There are     ”  5  ”   broadcast domains in the topology.​